![]() We might feel like it’s another presence, but really, it’s us. All our usual information about our bodies and senses is disrupted in that context, so it’s perhaps no surprise that we may feel like there is something “other” there with us. That logic could also apply to a situation like sleep paralysis. Changing the sensory expectations of the situation induces something like a hallucination. Then, when that synchronisation is disrupted – by making the robot touches slightly out of sync – people can suddenly feel like another person is present: a ghost in the machine. Our brains make sense of the synchronisation by inferring that we are producing that sensation. The way the procedure the researchers used works is to trick you into feeling as if you are touching your own back, by synchronising your movements with a robot directly behind you. ![]() The figure seemed to mirror the woman’s body position – and the TPJ combines information about our senses and our bodies.Ī series of experiments in 2014 also showed that disrupting people’s sensory expectations seems to induce a feeling of presence in some healthy people. For example, in 2006 neurologist Shahar Arzy and colleagues were able to create a “shadow figure” that was experienced by a woman whose brain was being electrically stimulated in the left temporoparietal junction (TPJ). ![]() We know from neurological case studies and brain stimulation experiments that presences can be provoked by bodily cues. This suggests that it’s unlikely to be a sleep-specific phenomenon. Research over the past 25 years has shown presences are not only a regular part of the hypnagogic landscape, but also reported in Parkinson’s disease, psychosis, near-death experiences and bereavement. If we are prey, there must be a predator.Īnother approach is to look at the commonalities between visitations in sleep paralysis and other types of felt presence. Allen Cheyne and Todd Girard argued that if we wake paralysed and vulnerable, our instincts would make us feel threatened and our mind fills in the gap. Most people find sleep paralysis scary, even without hallucinations. ![]() Societies around the world have their own stories about nighttime presences – from the Portuguese “little friar with the pierced hand” ( Fradinho da Mao Furada) who could infiltrate people’s dreams, to the Ogun Oru of the Yoruba people in Nigeria, which was believed to be a product of victims being bewitched.īut why would an experience such as paralysis create a feeling of presence? Some researchers have focused on the specific characteristics of waking up in such an unusual situation. While the Victorian presences documented by the SPR were often benign or comforting, modern examples of presence triggered by sleep paralysis tend to exude malevolence. When we feel an eerie presence it could just be us. He later learnt that all on the voyage had drowned. For instance, the Reverend P H Newnham, of Devonport in Plymouth, told the story of a visit to New Zealand, where a night-time presence warned him away from joining a boat trip at dawn the next morning. This collection included 701 cases of telepathy, premonitions and other unusual phenomena. In 1886, the SPR (which numbered former UK prime minister William Gladstone and poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson among its patrons) published Phantasms of the Living. The SPR concluded that such experiences happened too often to be down to chance (one in every 43 people that were surveyed). The survey aimed to understand how common it was for people to have seemingly impossible visitations that foretold death. The Society for Psychical Research (SPR) published their Census of Hallucinations, a survey of more than 17,000 people in the UK, US and Europe. One of the largest studies on the topic was carried out as long ago as 1894. But now research is showing this ethereal experience is something we can understand, using scientific models of the mind, the body, and the relationship between the two. Unless you had an explanation to help you process the experience, most people will struggle to grasp what happened to them. Or – more likely – it was something in between the two. Perhaps it was a profound experience that you are happy to share with others. If you’ve ever had the eerie sensation there’s a presence in the room when you were sure you were alone, you may be reluctant to admit it.
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